Quiz 2
The following quiz is based on student presentations and
discussions.
1.
What are two functions of apoptosis
a.
______________________________________________________________
b.
______________________________________________________________
2.
What are two different sorts of signals that force a cell into
becoming apoptotic?
a.
______________________________________________________________
b.
_________________________________________________________________
3.
The subcellular organelle most closely associated to the
initiation of apoptosis is
a) Nucleus
b) lysosome
c) mitochondrion
d) endoplasmic
reticulum
4. The difference
between ordinary cell death and apotosis is:
5. What is the
end-replication problem and what does it have to do with telomeres?
6. An older cell will necessarily have shorter telomeres than an
young one? T/F
7. Fred has the telomere lengths of his cells chromosomes
measured and it's found that they are shorter than the average for someone his
age. This probably means that Fred
a. will die earlier than his same aged peers
b. had more cell divisions in his body than normal
c. has already activated his cellular death receptors
d. all of the above.
8. Describe what happens to a cell whose telomeres are shorter
than the critical length.
9. The end-replication problem doesn't necessarily describe the
cause of telomere shorting because of the presence of the enzyme called
___________________________________.
10. Osteoporosis
a. is limited to post-menopausal women
b. is caused by osteoblasts breaking down bone
c. is caused by osteoclasts not building new bone
d. is caused by a lack of female sex hormones in both men and
women
e. none of the above
11. Bone is usually thought of as a defensive or support
structure – but it also acts to store
a. __________________________ and
b. _______________________________________
12. Most heart disease is often believed to be caused by which
underlying condition?
13. Medicines given to prevent a heart attack are popularly
called ________________, although that is not really what they do.
14. Two changes associated with the aging heart are that it
1. ___________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________
15. The measurement of _______________________ is how a doctor
can tell how high your blood glucose levels were for a couple of months before
the assay.
16. The reason that older people develop type diabetes is
because
a. they are unable to make enough insulin
b. the aging body produces
proteins that remove insulin from the blood
c. old people eat more glucose than
younger ones
d. obesity, over-eating and lack of exercise result in
insulin-resistance
17. Three lifestyle factors the affect the initiation of most
age-related diseases discussed are:
1.
2.
3.
18. Two age-related changes to the heart are:
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
19. Why are “old” cells (cells from old bodies) more likely to
become apoptotic or senescent when exposed to radiation or other mutagens than
younger cells?
20. Loss of both vision and hearing is found in older people-
what is believed to be the mechanism common to both?
21. Cells that cause cells to fail to pass a checkpoint include
a) radiation
b) wrong number of chromosomes
c) DNA damage
d) all of the above
22. Essay 1 – The following is a paragraph from a treatise on
osteoporosis:
"In summary, the multifaceted activities of estrogen are
fully reflected in bone. Of the many surprises encountered investigating
estrogen action in bone is the relationship among
estrogen,
the immune system, and the skeleton (Figure 3 not show here). Clearly, if this
relationship is equally relevant in humans as in rodents, postmenopausal
osteoporosis should be regarded as
the product of an
inflammatory disease bearing many characteristics of an organ-limited
autoimmune disorder, triggered by estrogen deficiency, and brought about by
chronic mild
decreases in T cell tolerance. Why such a pathway should have
emerged is intriguing. One explanation is suggested by the need to stimulate
bone resorption in the immediate
postpartum period
in order to meet the markedly increased maternal demand for calcium brought
about by milk production. The signal for this event is the drop in estrogen
levels early
postpartum. Henry Kronenberg (Harvard University, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA) has suggested that postmenopausal bone loss should be
regarded as an unintended recapitulation
of this
phenomenon (personal communication).
Another response to
delivery is the restoration of normal immune reactivity and the loss of
tolerance to the fetus. It is tempting to speculate that cessation of ovarian
function induces
bone loss through an adaptive immune response because natural
selection has centralized these 2 key adaptations to postpartum within the
immune system. “
What
does the author mean when he compares osteoporosis in terms intensified
osteoclast activity and an abnormal immune response – what makes him suspect
this?
23. Describe the progression of events that leads to
atherosclerosis in numbered steps.
24.What effect does inflammation play in this process
25. What is the event that can lead to a myocardial infarction
(heart attack) or cerebrovascular accident (stroke)?
26. What
causes Alzheimer's disease? (Describe what happens on the cellular level and
some possible causes.)
27.
According to the figure below
a) Could growth factors contribute to a cell becoming apoptotic?
If so, how so, if not why not?
b) what would you guess were the functions of fos and jun (found
within the pink nucleus in the drawing). Were you right, why or why not?
c) What activates the PKA protein ?
d) Major pathways leading to apoptosis converge on “Mt” - what
do you think that stands for and why?
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